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Epic

Also Known As Epic Poetry · Heroic Poetry
Epic and Heroic Narrative

A long narrative poem, traditionally elevated in style, recounting the deeds of a legendary or historical hero on whom the fate of a people or an age turns. The oldest epics, the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh and the Homeric poems among them, arose from oral performance traditions long before they were fixed in writing, which is part of why their own authorship and composition history is often genuinely unsettled. Epic conventions, the invocation of a muse, the in medias res opening, the extended simile, recur across otherwise unrelated traditions from ancient Greece to classical India to medieval Europe, suggesting the form answers a need common to many literary cultures rather than a single point of origin.

Facts
Place of Origin
Predates the invention of writing; primary epics, such as those attributed to Homer, were composed by bards using complex rhetorical and metrical schemes before ever being written down. 1
Notable Example
The Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2500-1300 BCE), the oldest epic recognized, recorded in ancient Sumer during the Neo-Sumerian Empire. 1
Defining Trait
A lengthy narrative poem, typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters, told on a grand scale. 1
Defining Trait
Form and Technique 1
FAQs

What is the oldest epic that survives?

The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest epic recognized.

The oldest epic recognized is the Epic of Gilgamesh, dated to about 2500 to 1300 BCE and recorded in ancient Sumer during the Neo-Sumerian Empire.
Connections

Associated With

Homer, Authors

Primary epics such as those of Homer are the genre's founding, oral-tradition examples.

Source Epic Poetry (Wikipedia)

Encompasses Form

Blank Verse, Forms
Source The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
Byliny, Forms
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
Eddic Verse, Forms
Source The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
Luc Bat, Forms
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
Ottava Rima, Forms
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
Terza Rima, Forms
Source The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
Source The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
The Griot Epic, Forms
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
The Masnavi, Forms
Source The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
Wuxia, Genres

Features Author

Beowulf, Works
Source Beowulf (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Cantar de mio Cid
Source The Norton Anthology of World Literature
Source Epic of Gilgamesh (Wikipedia)
Epic of Manas, Works
Source Wikipedia: Epic of Manas
Source Epic of Sundiata (Wikipedia)
Eugene Onegin, Works
Source Eugene Onegin (Wikipedia)
Ferdowsi, Authors
Source Ferdowsi (Wikipedia)
Source Francesco Filelfo (Wikipedia)
Source Francisco Balagtas (Wikipedia)
Hesiod, Authors
Source Wikipedia: Hikayat Hang Tuah
Homer, Authors
Source The Norton Anthology of World Literature
Source Joseph Victor von Scheffel (Wikipedia)
Kalevala, Works
Source Kalevala (Wikipedia)
Les Misérables, Works
Source Les Miserables (Wikipedia)
Source Lucius Varius Rufus (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Ludovico Ariosto
Source Wikidata: Luis de Camoes
Additional Source Wikipedia: Luís de CamõesInfobox: genre
Mahabharata, Works
Source Wikipedia: Mahabharata
Masnavi, Works
Source Masnavi (Wikipedia)
Metamorphoses, Works
Source Metamorphoses (Wikipedia)
Moby-Dick, Works
Source Moby-Dick (Wikipedia)
Nibelungenlied, Works
Source Nibelungenlied (Wikipedia)
Source Nizami Ganjavi (Wikipedia)
Os Lusíadas, Works
Source Wikidata: Os Lusíadas
Additional Source Wikipedia: Os LusíadasInfobox: genre
Ovid, Authors
Source Ovid (Wikipedia)
Pan Tadeusz, Works
Source Pan Tadeusz (Wikipedia)
Paradise Lost, Works
Source Paradise Lost (Wikipedia)
Ramayana, Works
Source Wikipedia: Ramayana
Sanai, Authors
Source Sanai (Wikipedia)
Shahnameh, Works
Source Shahnameh (Wikipedia)
The Aeneid, Works
Source Wikipedia: The Aeneid
The Cantos, Works
Source The Cantos (Wikipedia)
The Iliad, Works
The Odyssey, Works
Source Wikipedia: Song of Roland
Source The Tale of Kieu - Wikipedia
Source The Tale of the Heike (Wikipedia)
Tristan Tzara, Authors
Source Tristan Tzara (Wikipedia)
Valmiki, Authors
Virgil, Authors

The Aeneid already in-genre Epic; Virgil himself carried no in-genre edge to it.

Source Virgil (Wikipedia)
Vyasa, Authors
Source Walter of Châtillon (Wikipedia)
War and Peace, Works
Source War and Peace (Wikipedia)

Form Of Genre

Poetry, Genres

Subgenres

Bylina, Genres
Source Bylina - Wikipedia
Dastan, Genres
Source Dastan - Wikipedia
Gawęda, Genres
Source Gawęda, Wikipedia
Mahakavya, Genres
Source Mahakavya (Wikipedia)
National Epic, Genres
Source National Epic (Wikipedia)
Rimur, Genres
Source Rimur - Wikipedia
Sources
1. Epic Poetry (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Overview section
    In poetry, an epic is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters. The oldest epic recognized is the Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2500-1300 BCE), recorded in ancient Sumer during the Neo-Sumerian Empire. Originating before the invention of writing, primary epics, such as those of Homer, were composed by bards who used complex rhetorical and metrical schemes.
  • Lead paragraph, defining sentence
    In poetry, an epic is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
  • Associated With: Homer
    Primary epics, such as those of Homer, were composed by bards who used complex rhetorical and metrical schemes.
  • In Group: Epic and Heroic Poetry Traditions, Lead section
    In poetry, an epic is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants.
View the Source
The Norton Anthology of World Literature
W. W. Norton & Company
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics
Princeton University Press
  • s.v. Epic
  • Encompasses Form: Blank Verse, s.v. Blank Verse
  • Encompasses Form: Terza Rima, Long associated with sustained narrative and epic verse, most famously Dante's Divine Comedy.
  • Encompasses Form: Eddic Verse
  • Encompasses Form: The Chanson de Geste
  • Encompasses Form: The Masnavi
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
  • Encompasses Form: Ottava Rima, s.v. Ottava rima
  • Encompasses Form: Luc Bat
  • Encompasses Form: Byliny
  • Encompasses Form: The Griot Epic
View the Source
The Cantos (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Features Author: The Cantos, Infobox, Genre field
Quote, Features Author: The Cantos, Infobox, Genre field
Modernist epic
View the Source
Wikipedia: The Aeneid
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: The Aeneid, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: The Aeneid, Lead section
epic poem
View the Source
Virgil (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Features Author: Virgil, Works section, three famous poems
    He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid.
  • Features Author: Virgil, Opening paragraph, the epic Aeneid
    He composed three of the most famous poems in Latin literature: the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid.
View the Source
Les Miserables (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Les Misérables, Lead section, genre
Quote, Features Author: Les Misérables, Lead section, genre
is a French epic historical novel by Victor Hugo
View the Source
Masnavi (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Masnavi, Lead section, genre
Quote, Features Author: Masnavi, Lead section, genre
It is a series of six books of poetry that together amount to around 25,000 verses or 50,000 lines
View the Source
Eugene Onegin (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Eugene Onegin, Lead section, genre
Quote, Features Author: Eugene Onegin, Lead section, genre
Almost the entire work is made up of 389 fourteen-line stanzas (5,446 lines in all) of iambic tetrameter
View the Source
Moby-Dick (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Moby-Dick, Lead section, genre
Quote, Features Author: Moby-Dick, Lead section, genre
Moby-Dick; or, The Whale is an 1851 epic novel by American writer Herman Melville
View the Source
Paradise Lost (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Paradise Lost, Lead section, genre
Quote, Features Author: Paradise Lost, Lead section, genre
is an epic poem in blank verse by the English poet John Milton
View the Source
War and Peace (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: War and Peace, Lead section, genre
Quote, Features Author: War and Peace, Lead section, genre
an epic novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy
View the Source
Metamorphoses (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Metamorphoses, Infobox, Genre field
Quote, Features Author: Metamorphoses, Infobox, Genre field
Narrative poetry, epic, elegy, tragedy, pastoral
View the Source
Ferdowsi (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Ferdowsi, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: Ferdowsi, Lead section
Abu al-Qasim Mansur bin Hasan Tosi (940-1025), better known by his pen name Ferdowsi, was a Persian poet who is notable for being the author of the Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of the Persian-speaking countries.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Mahabharata
WikipediaFeatures Author: Mahabharata, Lead
Quote, Features Author: Mahabharata, Lead
one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India
View the Source
Francisco Balagtas (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Francisco Balagtas, Lead section [in-genre 2]
Quote, Features Author: Francisco Balagtas, Lead section [in-genre 2]
The famous epic Florante at Laura
View the Source
Wikipedia: Hikayat Hang Tuah
Features Author: Hikayat Hang Tuah, Lead section [in-genre]
Quote, Features Author: Hikayat Hang Tuah, Lead section [in-genre]
Vladimir Braginsky described it as a Malay historical-heroic epic
View the Source
Joseph Victor von Scheffel (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Joseph Victor von Scheffel, Wikipedia, Biography
Quote, Features Author: Joseph Victor von Scheffel, Wikipedia, Biography
he wrote his epic poem Der Trompeter von Säkkingen
View the Source
Francesco Filelfo (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Francesco Filelfo, Wikipedia, In Lombardy
Quote, Features Author: Francesco Filelfo, Wikipedia, In Lombardy
to celebrate his princely patrons in panegyrics and epics
View the Source
Walter of Châtillon (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Walter of Châtillon, Lead and body, the Alexandreis
Quote, Features Author: Walter of Châtillon, Lead and body, the Alexandreis
a long Latin epic on the life of Alexander the Great
View the Source
Lucius Varius Rufus (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Lucius Varius Rufus, Second paragraph, Horace on Varius
Quote, Features Author: Lucius Varius Rufus, Second paragraph, Horace on Varius
Horace spoke of him as a master of epic
View the Source
Bylina - Wikipedia
Subgenres: Bylina, Lead paragraph
Quote, Subgenres: Bylina, Lead paragraph
is a type of Russian oral epic poem
View the Source
Mahakavya (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationSubgenres: Mahakavya, Lead paragraph
Quote, Subgenres: Mahakavya, Lead paragraph
is a genre of Indian epic poetry in Classical Sanskrit
View the Source
Dastan - Wikipedia
Subgenres: Dastan, Lead paragraph
Quote, Subgenres: Dastan, Lead paragraph
an epic, from Central Asia
View the Source
Rimur - Wikipedia
Subgenres: Rimur, Lead paragraph, sentence naming the parent genre
Quote, Subgenres: Rimur, Lead paragraph, sentence naming the parent genre
In Icelandic literature, a ríma (IPA: [ˈriːma], literally "a rhyme", pl. rímur, [ˈriːmʏr̥]) is an epic poem written in any of the so-called rímnahættir ([ˈrimnaˌhaihtɪr̥], "rímur meters").
View the Source
National Epic (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Subgenres: National Epic, Lead paragraph, sentence naming the parent genre
Quote, Subgenres: National Epic, Lead paragraph, sentence naming the parent genre
A national epic is an epic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks to or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation-not necessarily a nation state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations to independence or autonomy.
View the Source
Gawęda, Wikipedia
Subgenres: Gawęda, Lead sentence
Quote, Subgenres: Gawęda, Lead sentence
an epic literary genre of works stylized as an oral tale
View the Source
Nizami Ganjavi (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Nizami Ganjavi, Lead, genre epic
Quote, Features Author: Nizami Ganjavi, Lead, genre epic
greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature
View the Source
Sanai (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Sanai, Works, genre epic
Quote, Features Author: Sanai, Works, genre epic
the first Persian mystical epic of Sufism
View the Source
Shahnameh (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Shahnameh, Infobox, genre field
Quote, Features Author: Shahnameh, Infobox, genre field
Genre: Epic poem
View the Source
Kalevala (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Kalevala, Infobox, genre field
Quote, Features Author: Kalevala, Infobox, genre field
Genre: Epic poetry, National epic
View the Source
Pan Tadeusz (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Pan Tadeusz, Infobox, genre field
Quote, Features Author: Pan Tadeusz, Infobox, genre field
Genre: Epic poem
View the Source
The Tale of Kieu - Wikipedia
Features Author: The Tale of Kieu, Infobox, genre field
Quote, Features Author: The Tale of Kieu, Infobox, genre field
Genre: epic poem
View the Source
Wikipedia: Epic of Manas
WikipediaFeatures Author: Epic of Manas, Infobox, genre field
Quote, Features Author: Epic of Manas, Infobox, genre field
Genre: Epic poem
View the Source
Tristan Tzara (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Tristan Tzara, Infobox, genre field
Quote, Features Author: Tristan Tzara, Infobox, genre field
Genre: Lyric poetry, epic poetry, free verse, prose poetry, parody, satire, utopian fiction
View the Source
Ovid (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Ovid, Infobox, genre field
Quote, Features Author: Ovid, Infobox, genre field
Genre: Elegy, epic, drama
View the Source
Wikipedia: Ludovico Ariosto
Features Author: Ludovico Ariosto, Infobox, genre field
Quote, Features Author: Ludovico Ariosto, Infobox, genre field
Genre: Epic poetry
View the Source
Wikipedia: Os Lusíadas
WikipediaFeatures Author: Os Lusíadas, Infobox: genre
Quote, Features Author: Os Lusíadas, Infobox: genre
Epic poetry
View the Source
Wikipedia: Luís de Camões
Features Author: Luís de Camões, Infobox: genre
Quote, Features Author: Luís de Camões, Infobox: genre
Epic poetry
View the Source
Epic of Gilgamesh (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Epic of Gilgamesh, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: Epic of Gilgamesh, Lead section
The Epic of Gilgamesh () is an epic from ancient Mesopotamia that is the world's oldest surviving example of narrative literature.
View the Source
Beowulf (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Beowulf, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: Beowulf, Lead section
Beowulf ( ; Old English: Bēowulf [ˈbeːo.wuɫf]) is an Old English poem, an epic in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines, contained in the Nowell Codex.
View the Source
Nibelungenlied (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Nibelungenlied, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: Nibelungenlied, Lead section
The Nibelungenlied (German pronunciation: [ˈniːbəlʊŋən-], [ˈnɪbəlʊŋən-] or [ˌniːbəˈlʊŋənˌliːt] ; Middle High German: Der Nibelunge liet or Der Nibelunge nôt), translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem written around 1200 in Middle High German.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Ramayana
WikipediaFeatures Author: Ramayana, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: Ramayana, Lead section
The Ramayana (; Sanskrit: रामायणम्, romanized: Rāmāyaṇam), also known as the Valmiki Ramayana, as traditionally attributed to Valmiki, is a Hindu smriti epic poem (also described as a Sanskrit epic) from ancient India.
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Wikipedia: Cantar de mio Cid
Features Author: Cantar de Mio Cid, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: Cantar de Mio Cid, Lead section
El Cantar de mio Cid, or El Poema de mio Cid ("The Song of My Cid"; "The Poem of My Cid"), is an anonymous 12th-century cantar de gesta and the oldest preserved Castilian epic poem.
View the Source
The Tale of the Heike (Wikipedia)
Features Author: The Tale of the Heike, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: The Tale of the Heike, Lead section
The Tale of the Heike (平家物語, Heike Monogatari) is an epic account compiled prior to 1330 of the struggle between the Taira clan and Minamoto clan for control of Japan at the end of the 12th century in the Genpei War (1180-1185).
View the Source
Epic of Sundiata (Wikipedia)
Features Author: Epic of Sundiata, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: Epic of Sundiata, Lead section
The Epic of Sundiata (; Manding languages: ߛߏ߲߬ߖߘߊ߬ Sònjàdà, also referred to as Sundiata or Son-Jara; Arabic: ملحمة سوندياتا; French: L'épopée de Soundjata) is an epic poem of the Malinke people that tells the story of Sundiata Keita, the founder of the Mali Empire in West Africa, who ruled from 1235 C.E. until his death in 1255 C.E.
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Wikipedia: Song of Roland
Features Author: The Song of Roland, Lead section
Quote, Features Author: The Song of Roland, Lead section
It is an epic poem written in Old French and is the first example of the chanson de geste, a literary form that flourished between the 11th and 16th centuries in Medieval Europe and celebrated legendary deeds.
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