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The Novel

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An extended work of prose fiction developing character and plot at a length and level of interior detail the shorter narrative forms do not attempt. Candidates for the earliest novel are debated across traditions rather than settled on one text: Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji, composed in early eleventh-century Japan, is widely cited as an early and fully realized example of the form, well before the eighteenth-century European novel of Defoe and Richardson that older, Eurocentric literary histories once treated as the form's point of origin. The novel's subsequent range, from Austen's novel of manners to Dostoevsky's philosophical and psychological fiction to Garcia Marquez's magical realism, is part of why the form resists a single definition beyond its length and its prose.

Facts
Notable Example
Murasaki Shikibu, The Tale of Genji (c. 1010); Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605); Fyodor Dostoevsky's philosophical fiction; Gabriel Garcia Marquez, One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967). 1
Defining Trait
An extended work of prose fiction developing character and plot at a length and level of interior psychological detail the shorter narrative forms do not attempt. 1
Disputed
Place of Origin
Disputed across traditions and centuries. 1
Candidates proposed as the earliest novel come from multiple traditions, including Murasaki Shikibu's eleventh-century Japanese Tale of Genji and the eighteenth-century English novel of Defoe and Richardson; see The First Novel Question, already recorded on this atlas.
Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Held Differently

Miguel de Cervantes, Authors

Why this is disputed. Cervantes and Don Quixote (1605) are one of several candidates scholars have proposed for the "first novel," alongside Murasaki Shikibu's Tale of Genji, Petronius' Satyricon and Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe; see The First Novel Question.

Source Novel (Wikipedia)

Encompasses Form

Features Author

Don Quixote, Works

The Sorrows of Young Werther already in-genre The Novel; Goethe himself carried no in-genre edge to it.

Lolita, Works
Source Lolita (Wikipedia)
On the Road, Works
Siddhartha, Works
Sylvia Plath, Authors

The Bell Jar already in-genre The Novel; Plath herself carried no in-genre edge to it. Her Ariel/Lyric Poetry pairing was checked and not written; her own article does not call her or Ariel lyric poetry in so many words.

The Mandarins, Works

Mrs Dalloway already in-genre The Novel; Woolf herself carried no in-genre edge to it.

Sources
1. The Norton Anthology of World Literature
W. W. Norton & Company
1. The Norton Anthology of World Literature
W. W. Norton & CompanyAssociated With: The Picaresque Novel, Introduction, the Novel
1. The Norton Anthology of World Literature
W. W. Norton & CompanyAssociated With: Historical Fiction, Introduction, the Novel
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.s.v. NovelView the Source
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.Encompasses Form: The Epistolary Form, s.v. Epistolary NovelView the Source
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.Features Author: Chinua AchebeView the Source
Simone de Beauvoir (Britannica)
Features Author: Simone de Beauvoir
Jean-Paul Sartre, Nausea (1938)
Features Author: Nausea
Albert Camus, The Stranger (1942)
Features Author: The Stranger
Albert Camus, The Plague (1947)
Features Author: The Plague
Jean-Paul Sartre (Britannica)
BritannicaFeatures Author: Jean-Paul Sartre
Albert Camus (Britannica)
BritannicaFeatures Author: Albert Camus
Novel (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Associated With: Miguel de Cervantes, Origins and history sectionView the Source
Novel (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Open Questions: The First Novel Question, Origins and history sectionView the Source
The Bell Jar (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Features Author: The Bell Jar, Lead, roman a clef
Quote, Features Author: The Bell Jar, Lead, roman a clef
The protagonist's descent into mental illness parallels Plath's own experiences with what may have been clinical depression.
View the Source
Stream of Consciousness (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Encompasses Form: Stream of ConsciousnessView the Source
Mrs Dalloway (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Features Author: Mrs DallowayView the Source
Virginia Woolf (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Features Author: Virginia Woolf, Work section, novelist standing
Quote, Features Author: Virginia Woolf, Work section, novelist standing
Woolf is considered to be one of the most important 20th-century novelists.
View the Source
Virginia Woolf (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Features Author: Virginia Woolf, Work section, one of the most important 20th-century novelists
Quote, Features Author: Virginia Woolf, Work section, one of the most important 20th-century novelists
Woolf is considered to be one of the most important 20th-century novelists.
View the Source
Sylvia Plath (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Features Author: Sylvia Plath, Lead section, Bell Jar novel
Quote, Features Author: Sylvia Plath, Lead section, Bell Jar novel
She is credited with advancing the genre of confessional poetry and her works include The Colossus and Other Poems (1960), Ariel (1965), and The Bell Jar (1963), a semi-autobiographical novel published one month before her suicide.
View the Source
Sylvia Plath (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Features Author: Sylvia Plath, Works section, only novel
Quote, Features Author: Sylvia Plath, Works section, only novel
Her only novel, The Bell Jar, was published in January 1963 under the pen name Victoria Lucas
View the Source
Wikipedia: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Wikimedia Foundation (Wikipedia)Features Author: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Details of selected works section, epistolary novel description
Quote, Features Author: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Details of selected works section, epistolary novel description
The short epistolary novel Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, or The Sorrows of Young Werther
View the Source
Germinal (novel) (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Germinal, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Germinal, Lead section, novel genre
The thirteenth novel in Emile Zola's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart, published in 1885.
View the Source
Crime and Punishment (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Crime and Punishment, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Crime and Punishment, Lead section, novel genre
A novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky, serialized in twelve monthly installments in The Russian Messenger during 1866 and published as a separate edition in 1867.
View the Source
On the Road (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: On the Road, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: On the Road, Lead section, novel genre
On the Road is a 1957 novel by American author Jack Kerouac, inspired by his travels across the United States.
View the Source
Hopscotch (novel) (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Hopscotch, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Hopscotch, Lead section, novel genre
Hopscotch (Spanish: Rayuela) is a novel by Argentine writer Julio Cortazar.
View the Source
The Time of the Hero (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: The Time of the Hero, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: The Time of the Hero, Lead section, novel genre
The Time of the Hero (Original title: La ciudad y los perros) is a 1963 novel by Peruvian writer and Nobel laureate Mario Vargas Llosa.
View the Source
Weep Not, Child (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Weep Not, Child, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Weep Not, Child, Lead section, novel genre
Weep Not, Child is the 1964 debut novel by Kenyan author Ngugi wa Thiong'o, one of the first major English-language novels published by an East African writer.
View the Source
Midnight's Children (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Midnight's Children, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Midnight's Children, Lead section, novel genre
Midnight's Children is the second novel by Indian-British writer Salman Rushdie, published in 1981.
View the Source
Anna Karenina (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Anna Karenina, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Anna Karenina, Lead section, novel genre
is a novel, first published in book form in 1878, by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy
View the Source
Confessions of a Mask (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Confessions of a Mask, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Confessions of a Mask, Lead section, novel genre
is the second novel by Japanese author Yukio Mishima
View the Source
Norwegian Wood (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Norwegian Wood, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Norwegian Wood, Lead section, novel genre
is a 1987 novel by Japanese author Haruki Murakami
View the Source
In Search of Lost Time (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: In Search of Lost Time, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: In Search of Lost Time, Lead section, novel genre
is a novel in seven volumes by French author Marcel Proust
View the Source
Lolita (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Lolita, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Lolita, Lead section, novel genre
Lolita is a 1955 novel written by the Russian and American novelist Vladimir Nabokov
View the Source
Go Tell It on the Mountain (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Go Tell It on the Mountain, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Go Tell It on the Mountain, Lead section, novel genre
Go Tell It on the Mountain is a 1953 semi-autobiographical novel by James Baldwin
View the Source
The Magic Mountain (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: The Magic Mountain, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: The Magic Mountain, Lead section, novel genre
is a German novel written by Thomas Mann, published in November 1924
View the Source
Siddhartha (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationFeatures Author: Siddhartha, Lead section, novel genre
Quote, Features Author: Siddhartha, Lead section, novel genre
is a 1922 novel by Hermann Hesse
View the Source
Open Questions (1 open question)
The First Novel Question

The candidates for "first novel" span more than a millennium and several literary traditions, and the disagreement is not a missing fact but a definitional one: scholars do not agree which combination of extended prose, unified plot, and psychologically developed character is required before a work counts as a novel proper rather than a romance, an episodic tale, or a related but distinct earlier form.

What would resolve this No new manuscript discovery would settle this; every candidate work is already well known and studied. The dispute would only narrow if literary scholarship converged on a single, precise definition of "novel" that current comparative and cross-cultural scholarship deliberately declines to fix.
Comparative literary history and the theory of the novelNovel (Wikipedia)
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