This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.
The frame narrative is old enough that its earliest known instances predate almost every literary form this atlas tracks by name. Egyptian literature carries examples in the Papyrus Westcar, a collection of tales told before a pharaoh, and Sanskrit literature developed the device independently and extensively: both of the great epics, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, use nested frames to hold their vast material together, and fable collections such as the Panchatantra were built from the start as animal stories told within a frame of the Brahmin scholar Vishnu Sharma instructing young princes in statecraft. That Sanskrit tradition traveled west through Arabic and Persian translation and adaptation long before it reached Europe. The device did not arrive in European literature as an import needing explanation, though; European writers arrived at the same structure independently and made it central to two of the fourteenth century's defining works. Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron frames a hundred tales within ten young Florentines' flight from plague into the countryside, and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales frames its own collection within a company of pilgrims trading stories to pass the road to Canterbury. Neither writer needed to have read the other's source material to reach for the same solution: a frame is simply an efficient way to hold many stories inside one telling.