This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.
When City Lights Books published Howl and Other Poems in 1956, United States customs officials seized 520 copies of a shipment printed in England on March 25, 1957, calling the title poem obscene. San Francisco police then arrested City Lights manager Shigeyoshi Murao for selling the book and issued a warrant for publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti, who was booked on the same charge. The resulting 1957 obscenity trial turned on expert testimony from literary scholars who argued the poem had genuine redeeming social importance, and Municipal Judge Clayton W. Horn ultimately ruled in Ferlinghetti's favor, finding the poem not obscene. The verdict is remembered as an early legal foothold for the Beat Generation's most confrontational writing and for challenging American obscenity law more broadly.